ACT Score Comparison for Admission to Hawaii Colleges

Christopher Colombus - 1074 Words

As the great explorers Christopher Columbus and James Cook were recognized and honored in having great explorations in the world history. They encountered some Natives of countries in their individual explorations and in this essay I will compare and contrast the Columbus’s and Cook’s views of the natives they encountered. Christopher Columbus discovered native people from North America and Captain James Cook discovered them from Hawaii. They both kept journals of their experiences so now we are able to look back and understand their first experiences with Natives. In Christopher Columbus’ journal of his first voyage it describes to us his first impressions of the people he met on the Caribbean islands. Columbus describes how friendly†¦show more content†¦The 1778 arrival of British explorer James Cook is usually taken to be Hawaiis first contact with European explorers. Cook named the islands the Sandwich Islands in honor of one of his sponsors, John Mo ntagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich. He published the geographical coordinates of the islands and reported the native name as Owyhee. This erroneous translation lives on in Owyhee County, Idaho, which was named after three Hawaiian members of a trapping party who were killed in that area. Captain Cook and Columbus were similar in some ways in when they encountered the Natives of the lands they discovered but in other ways were very different. Christopher Columbus was more focused on understanding and getting to know the natives as a whole so they could help the people of Europe or be more people put under the faith of Christianity. James Cook was more into business with the Natives that he discovered not trying to get personal but rather trade with them and gain more items that they have never seen or had before to take back with them toShow MoreRelatedEssay about Compare contrast953 Words   |  4 Pages Compare and Contrast Christopher Columbus and Neil Armstrong were both explorers who captivated the world with their amazing explorations. Their paths shared many traits, though their discoveries were very different. While Armstrong was the first man on the moon on July 20, 1969, Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue about four hundred years earlier to find the â€Å"new world†. While both Columbus and Armstrong had amazing explorations, Columbus made a discovery that would start mankindRead MoreAnalysis Of Christopher Columbus Voyages1234 Words   |  5 Pagescountry, culture, or any social or geographical entity, stereotypes are ingrained in our psyche, making a profound impact on our thoughts, actions, and understandings towards foreign lands and peoples during our travel experiences. At the time of Christopher Columbus’ voyages, Europeans were seeing themselves as superior beings as a result of the renaissance endorsing humanist ideals. In 1486, six years before the first voyage of Columbus, Italian renaissance humanist Pico della Mirandola publishedRead MoreThe Making Of The Republic Of Haiti3644 Words   |  15 PagesTHE COURSE â€Å"OTHER WORLD CIVILIZATIONS† Presented by: Luce-Josie Nicolas June 30th, 2015 Approved by: _______________ The island of Haiti, occupied by The Republic of Haiti and the Dominican Republic is one of several islands discovered by Christopher Columbus during his first voyage to the new world in 1492. At his arrival, Columbus established a settlement on the north coast which he named Navidad . Columbus used three boats to make this voyage possible : the Pinta, The Nina and the SantaRead MoreDiscovery of America6704 Words   |  27 PagesVoyages of Christopher Columbus From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Discovery of the Americas and Discovery of America redirect here. For other uses, see Discovery of the Americas (disambiguation). Voyages of Christopher Columbus | The Four Voyages of Columbus | Participants | Christopher Columbus and crew | Location | Americas | Date | Between 1492 and 1506 | Result | European exploration of the Americas | In the early modern period, the voyagesRead More Prejudice Against Native Americans Essay914 Words   |  4 Pagesyears before Christopher Colombus quot;discoveredquot; the Americas. Native Americans migrated from Asia, crossing a land bridge where the Bering Strait off the coast of Alaska is today. Over the centuries these people spread throughout the continents of North and South America. Since the arrival of the Europeans in 1492 the American Indian has been dehumanized, decivilized and redefined into terms that represent a dominate European view. The Spanish explorers under Colombus were the firstRead MoreThe Dangers Of Tobacco And Tobacco1084 Words   |  5 Pagesinto American history. Tobacco been used for as long as America was a country, and even before that, in colonial times. European nations first encountered tobacco use by the Native Americans. According to Cotton (1998) on October 12, 1492, Christopher Colombus was offered dried leaves as a token of friendship by native Arawaks. The leaves turned out to be tobacco, which the Native Americans smoked for the purpose of communicating with spirits. (para. 2). As the exploration of the Americas increasedRead MoreThe Nomadic And Nomadic Groups958 Words   |  4 Pagesconsidered to be the first humans to step foot onto America (Hanson 2014). The natives are the reason behind American history. It is documented proof that they, the natives, were the first people to step foot on American soil. Many people connected Christopher Colombus with discoverin g America, which is technically false. The natives, the ones who traveled from Siberia (Hanson 2014) to America, are the first to discover America. Therefore, it is important to not forget the first explorers who discovered thisRead MoreEqual Opportunity In Public Education Essay1253 Words   |  6 Pagesresources from public schools. â€Å"Vouchers, their critics charge, will skim off the brightest children and drain desperately needed resources from public schools. Poor kids without involved parents will be left behind.† (Thomas Clemetson, 1999) Christopher Lubienski in his article School Choice as a civil Right states â€Å"The findings demonstrate that the distribution of districts’ school choice policies exclude poorer students of color from the more preferred school options.† (Lubienski, 2005). ManyRead MorePlant Type Essay (Aloe Vera)1124 Words   |  5 Pages131-201), he used Aloe vera as a healing agent and authored over 100 books on conventional and herbal medicine.  He gained his knowledge from doctoring the Roman gladiators.  Galen was a follower of the works of Hippocrates and Aristotle. Also Christopher Colombus had documented the medical use and value of the plant on his ship logs, many believe he introduced it to the â€Å"New World†. World War II military manuals suggested that servicemen could use it as a remedy for burns, insect bites, or other skinRead MoreExploring The New World Essay1420 Words   |  6 Pagesoutcomes are the result that we can not get rid of. And the result for those conflicts is that a completely new and different labor, religious, economic, and social regimes were imposed. BIBLIOGRAPHY †¢nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Christopher Colombus, The First Voyage: The West Indies, The Second Voyage: The Cannibals. †¢nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Harper, American Literature †¢nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;http://artsofcitizenship.umich.edu/sos/ †¢nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;http://www

Analysis Of The Novel Bless Me Ultima - 1536 Words

Life is full of cohesive decisions, nothing makes the facile. But the worst ones are your personal koans and tormenting ambivalence is just the sense of satori rising. Eventually allowing a new sense of understanding and openmindness towards life greatest questions. Throughout this novel Bless Me Ultima B: Rodolfo Anaya Antonio is gradually tormented by his conflicting ideals directly caused by the deaths of three figures. Each death has Antonio slowly†¦show more content†¦As stated in the novel (Anaya Page 22) â€Å" It was to be said after one made his confession to the priest, and as the last prayer before death. Did God listen? Would he hear? And where was Lupito’s soul winging to? â€Å". This proves to be a pivotal moment in the novel the backbone to the questions that cling on to Antonio soul like an anchor that gradually drowns him in his search for answers to his paradoxical questions. He starts to question God and whether he would forgive Lupito’s actions or send his soul to an eternity of damnation. This is a key aspect to evaluate as he starts to question authority of the all supreme ruler which is ever so impressive coming from somebody as young as Antonio who is still naà ¯ve and gullible to what the Catholic church tells him. Another example of how death played a pivotal role in shaping his religious ambivalence we must look at the death of Narciso. To give some perspective on to why Narciso death was so devastating for Antonio we must first look at another character named Tenorio. The dynamic between Tenorio and Narciso is the classic Good vs Evil matchup. Tenorio is introduced as the father of the town witches who cast a curse on Antonio’s Uncle. To make a long story short after the events of the curse transpire one of Tenorio’s daughters die and casts the blame on Ultima he starts to become consumed by hate and it sets him on a path of vengeance. Narciso is far from the model hero having been cast in theShow MoreRelatedBless Me, Ultima Literary Analysis714 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Bless Me, Ultima† by Rudolfo Anaya Literary Analysis Throughout the context of â€Å"Bless Me Ultima,† it is evident that there are many motifs and examples of dichotomy. I believe that Anaya uses the previously mentioned elements of literature in order to provoke his readers’ thinking and help embody a struggle of understanding the world we live in. Motifs in this novel include: family, dreams, religion, education, and the list continues. For examples of dichotomy, the idea of good versus evil isRead MoreBless Me, Ultima Literary Analysis Essay714 Words   |  3 PagestSam Ennis Period #4 20 September 2012 â€Å"Bless Me, Ultima† by Rudolfo Anaya Literary Analysis Throughout the context of â€Å"Bless Me Ultima,† it is evident that there are many motifs and examples of dichotomy. I believe that Anaya uses the previously mentioned elements of literature in order to provoke his readers’ thinking and help embody a struggle of understanding the world we live in. Motifs in this novel include: family, dreams, religion, education, and the list continues. For examplesRead MoreBless Me Ultima Chicano Literature1592 Words   |  7 PagesIntroductory Paragraph Bless Me, Ultima is a Chicano novel written by Rudolfo Anaya in 1972, which includes a magical realism plot. Chicano literature is especially significant in this novel because it helps create a cultural identity for the main character and his community. The novel talks about a petite boy named Antonio; throughout the book Antonio makes his best efforts to try and find the path to which he belongs, he wants to find answers about who he is and wants to learn a lot more aboutRead MoreThematic Analysis Of Bless Me, Ultima1580 Words   |  7 Pages Thematic Analysis of Conflicts in, Bless me, Ultima Differences in others aid to the stimulation of ideas and opinions that expresses an individual s personality. In Rudolfo Anaya’s bildungsroman, Bless Me, Ultima, the struggle between two families and their extreme differences cause numerous conflicts that are constantly present throughout his novel. In this chicano inspired novel, Antonio Marà ©z, the six year old protagonist, is perpetually faced with instances of dissimilarity throughoutRead MoreCultural, Religious and Language Conflicts in Bless Me, Ultima1732 Words   |  7 PagesCultural, religious and language conflicts in Bless Me, Ultima Bless Me, Ultima, written by Rudolfo Anaya and published in 1972, has become one of the most widely read as well as critically acclaimed novels in the Chicano literature. It is first in the trilogy of novels by Anaya, with Heart of Aztlan (1976) and Tortuga (1979) following it. This novel can be viewed from many angles as well as layers, as it intertwines issues or themes of psychological maturation, social changes, identity crisis andRead More Bless Me, Ultima: The Cultural Distress Of A Young Society Essay example3164 Words   |  13 Pages Bless Me, Ultima: The Cultural Distress of a Young Society An answer to the discussion question of whether or not there is a defined border culture would need a great number of years in field research, but we can also observe a few of the characteristics of such border culture just by looking at scholastic essays and books related to the topic. Within the research that I did, I found a number of scholars who, while defining the border, mention all the specific or special characteristics of thisRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1982 Words   |  8 Pageswith the unspoken laws of the community is not difficult as the knowledge of who is socially acceptable to talk to and who is thought of as more of an outsider than a neighbor is not hard information to come across. Harper Lee highlighted this in her novel To Kill A Mockingbird by telling the story of life in Maycomb County, Alabama, through the eyes of Jean Louise Finch, whom everyone called Scout. While Scout, her father Atticus, and her older brother Jem were considered to be at the top of Maycomb’sRead MoreAtticus, Scout, And Jem Finch2314 Words   |  10 Pagesof prejudice and to treat every â€Å"class† or â€Å"wrung on the ladder† equally. Her experiences made her a better person and, although she is still growing up, she is learning to treat everyone with respect and to treat every race kindly. Task #2- Bless Me, Ultima Many people are very fascinated and concerned with the idea of death. Antonio witnesses many deaths through his young like and as he does, it seems to shape the way he grows and understands the world, both positively and negatively. He was introducedRead MoreReview Of Yann Martel s Life Of Pi Essay1337 Words   |  6 Pagesquestion Pi about what caused the Tsimtsum to sink. He tells his story, which they do not believe, so he offers them a more plausible version, with the animal characters replaced by other humans, which casts doubt on the original story. Throughout the novel, the story is interrupted by the author’s notes on Pi as he is now, telling this story to the author. After recovering in Mexico he went to Canada, where he spent a year finishing high school and then studied Religion and Zoology at the UniversityRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Holden Talks With Mr. Spencer Essay1569 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis: This quote is from the part when Holden talks with Mr. Spencer. Since Holden failing all his classes except one, Mr. Spencer is advising Holden about the importance and the impact of his actions in his life. Holden’s perception of adults is depicted when he curses Mr. Spencer in his mind. By nodding silently to Mr. Spencer’s words, Holden actually disrespects adults. We can easily perceive that Holden feels alienated when Mr. Spencer tells him that he is one of those people on â€Å"the other

Analysis Of The Poem Ozymandias By Percy Bysshe Shelley

Week One In the first week of scholarship we began with an introduction to the module. I understood that the module focuses on helping us to develop various skills, such as study skills, research skills, and how to work at a degree level in general. This will be helpful because I can learn new skills and develop my current skills, which will be beneficial for my improvement as I progress through my degree. We also looked at the poem ‘Ozymandias’ by Percy Bysshe Shelley. What I took from the poem, and what we agreed on, was that the overall theme of the poem was destruction and how things change over time. What I found fascinating was the variety of opinions that my classmates had; some of the ideas presented were intriguing and though-provoking, such as the fact that there could be more than one voice in the poem. This has inspired me to look deeper when analysing a piece of literature in order to discover meanings which are not as obvious at a first glance. Week Two The topic of this week was writing skills. One quote especially stood out to me from the class PowerPoint from Enrique Jardiel Poncela, â€Å"When writing can be read without effort, great effort has gone into its writing.† (Class Presentation). To me, this shows that writing is not as easy as it seems; it takes a large amount of effort to produce a written piece that is both good and enjoyable, and unfortunately I do not often appreciate this when reading. After discussing what good writing skills consist of, IShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem Ozymandias By Percy Bysshe Shelley1373 Words   |  6 Pagesand the destruction of the Persian Empire by Alexander the Great are all vivid examples of opulence being crushed by fate. In the poem â€Å"Ozymandias†, by Percy Bysshe Shelley, through the use of symbols, several alliterations, repetitive end rhyme and iambic pentameter the vanity found in human works and the futility of opulence and power is displayed. All throughout the poem is this vanity present as a traveler describes the destroyed stone figure, which at some point represented magnificence and powerRead MoreHow the Poem Ozymandias Highlights the Fundamental Issue in the Film Watchmen1255 Words   |  6 Pages Percy Shelley, â€Å"Ozymandias† This is a profound statement ascribed to one of the most powerful pharaohs of ancient Egypt. Yet, as Percy Shelly writes, the â€Å"works,† due to the sands of time, have vanished – â€Å"of that colossal wreck†¦ the long and level sands stretch far away† (13-14). At his zenith, Ozymandias believed his empire was timeless and would inspire â€Å"despair† in all those who labored to match his accomplishments. But the monuments, his self-praising idols, and, in sum, his empire have allRead MoreOzymandias Analysis1261 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of â€Å"Ozymandias† The poem â€Å"Ozymandias† is considered one of Percy Bysshe Shelley’s best sonnets. It was written in 1817 and is still recognized today as its meaning still holds true. â€Å"Ozymandias† illustrates the fall of power and mortality through a once powerful king. This is shown through the pride of the king, the tyranny that the king ruled by, and the transience of his ruling and empire. The king Ozymandias has a great amount of pride for what he has accomplished during his timeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Ozymandias 1512 Words   |  7 PagesIn 1818, Percy Bysshe Shelley wrote Ozymandias, which is a highly complex yet compact poem. The historical context of the poem is important to consider when analyzing the poem for underlying perspectives. Johnstone Parr, an author that contributed to Keats-Shelley Journal, analyzed the poem for historical influences, and learned the following: â€Å"The ultimate source of information concerning Ozymandias is the account in Diodorus Siculus’ Biliotheca Historica (first century B.C.). Diodurus remarks thatRead MoreEssay on The Politics of Percy Shelley2323 Words   |  10 PagesThe Politics of Percy Shelley      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Following the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars, Europe was left torn by economic decline, political turmoil, and uncertainty. Out of these events sprang writers who saw it as their duty to ease the social and political dilemmas through their inspirational writings. One of these Nineteenth century writers was Percy Shelley, who is known for the revolutionary and defiant ideas he expressed in his works. Many of his writings such as A Song: MenRead MoreAnalysis of I wondered Lonely as a Cloud by William Wordsworth1309 Words   |  6 PagesIn vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude; And then my hearth with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils. Analysis: Wordsworth had nature as his religion, and that was the main theme of his work and also a characteristic of romanticism. And it’s also very clear on this poem. As literary devices, we have Alliteration on the second line of the first stanza, alliteration and assonance on the fifth line of the first stanza and personificationRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1221 Words   |  5 Pagesis a dynamic and deep poem orchestrated to perfection. However, equal to its acclaim, is the misunderstanding of the poem. A piece of literature of this stature deserves to be under the microscope of our classes critical discussions. I believe that the time would be beneficial to everyone. Giving a breath of fresh air to a poem that has been abused by Hallmark cards for decades. Room should be made for the inclusion of this outstanding literature. In the opinion of this poem having literary meritRead More An Analysis Of British Literature Essay2728 Words   |  11 Pages An Analysis of British Literature nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Death is inevitable and what happens after death will always be a mystery to the living. For this reason, the afterlife has always been a topic which artists have chosen to explore in their works. Throughout the chronology of British literature, artists have used societys views as a basis to examine the afterlife, and look at it in new ways. The afterlife has been a theme in British Literature from the Anglo-Saxon period of Beowulf Analysis Of The Poem Ozymandias By Percy Bysshe Shelley All is vain The vanity found in all demonstrations of human power and acquisition of riches has always been exposed by the constant passing of time. The mighty statues built by the pharaohs in Egypt, the Hanging Gardens of Mesopotamia, the fall of the Roman Empire, and the destruction of the Persian Empire by Alexander the Great are all vivid examples of opulence being crushed by fate. In the poem â€Å"Ozymandias†, by Percy Bysshe Shelley, through the use of symbols, several alliterations, repetitive end rhyme and iambic pentameter the vanity found in human works and the futility of opulence and power is displayed. All throughout the poem is this vanity present as a traveler describes the destroyed stone figure, which at some point represented magnificence and power. All the elements stated above contribute directly to the discovery of such mischievous vanity. The first example that reveals the inevitable tragedy of oblivion that overcomes every human work is a symbol found i n the second line of the poem. A decaying statue of a pharaoh is compared to the vanity that consumes all human desire for longevity, power, and opulence that showcases greatness. In line 2, the â€Å"two vast and trunkless legs of stone† carry a profound significance in order to establish a link between human desires and their fragile nature. The connotation of this phrase bestows a tangible sense of futility upon every magnificent deed and human work. The vastness of the two legs does not impede theirShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem Ozymandias By Percy Bysshe Shelley1371 Words   |  6 Pagesas I progress through my degree. We also looked at the poem ‘Ozymandias’ by Percy Bysshe Shelley. What I took from the poem, and what we agreed on, was that the overall theme of the poem was destruction and how things change over time. What I found fascinating was the variety of opinions that my classmates had; some of the ideas presented were intriguing and though-provoking, such as the fact that there could be more than one voice in the poem. This has inspired me to look deeper when analysing aRead MoreHow the Poem Ozymandias Highlights the Fundamental Issue in the Film Watchmen1255 Words   |  6 Pages Percy Shelley, â€Å"Ozymandias† This is a profound statement ascribed to one of the most powerful pharaohs of ancient Egypt. Yet, as Percy Shelly writes, the â€Å"works,† due to the sands of time, have vanished – â€Å"of that colossal wreck†¦ the long and level sands stretch far away† (13-14). At his zenith, Ozymandias believed his empire was timeless and would inspire â€Å"despair† in all those who labored to match his accomplishments. But the monuments, his self-praising idols, and, in sum, his empire have allRead MoreOzymandias Analysis1261 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of â€Å"Ozymandias† The poem â€Å"Ozymandias† is considered one of Percy Bysshe Shelley’s best sonnets. It was written in 1817 and is still recognized today as its meaning still holds true. â€Å"Ozymandias† illustrates the fall of power and mortality through a once powerful king. This is shown through the pride of the king, the tyranny that the king ruled by, and the transience of his ruling and empire. The king Ozymandias has a great amount of pride for what he has accomplished during his timeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Ozymandias 1512 Words   |  7 PagesIn 1818, Percy Bysshe Shelley wrote Ozymandias, which is a highly complex yet compact poem. The historical context of the poem is important to consider when analyzing the poem for underlying perspectives. Johnstone Parr, an author that contributed to Keats-Shelley Journal, analyzed the poem for historical influences, and learned the following: â€Å"The ultimate source of information concerning Ozymandias is the account in Diodorus Siculus’ Biliotheca Historica (first century B.C.). Diodurus remarks thatRead MoreEssay on The Politics of Percy Shelley2323 Words   |  10 PagesThe Politics of Percy Shelley      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Following the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars, Europe was left torn by economic decline, political turmoil, and uncertainty. Out of these events sprang writers who saw it as their duty to ease the social and political dilemmas through their inspirational writings. One of these Nineteenth century writers was Percy Shelley, who is known for the revolutionary and defiant ideas he expressed in his works. Many of his writings such as A Song: MenRead MoreAnalysis of I wondered Lonely as a Cloud by William Wordsworth1309 Words   |  6 PagesIn vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude; And then my hearth with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils. Analysis: Wordsworth had nature as his religion, and that was the main theme of his work and also a characteristic of romanticism. And it’s also very clear on this poem. As literary devices, we have Alliteration on the second line of the first stanza, alliteration and assonance on the fifth line of the first stanza and personificationRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1221 Words   |  5 Pagesis a dynamic and deep poem orchestrated to perfection. However, equal to its acclaim, is the misunderstanding of the poem. A piece of literature of this stature deserves to be under the microscope of our classes critical discussions. I believe that the time would be beneficial to everyone. Giving a breath of fresh air to a poem that has been abused by Hallmark cards for decades. Room should be made for the inclusion of this outstanding literature. In the opinion of this poem having literary meritRead More An Analysis Of British Literature Essay2728 Words   |  11 Pages An Analysis of British Literature nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Death is inevitable and what happens after death will always be a mystery to the living. For this reason, the afterlife has always been a topic which artists have chosen to explore in their works. Throughout the chronology of British literature, artists have used societys views as a basis to examine the afterlife, and look at it in new ways. The afterlife has been a theme in British Literature from the Anglo-Saxon period of Beowulf

Forward the Foundation Chapter 9 Free Essays

string(66) " of the manner in which Dors strove to make him keep it that way\." 3 Yet, even so, Hari Seldon could not repress the surge of satisfaction that he felt as he entered his laboratory. How things had changed. It had begun twenty years earlier with his own doodlings on his second-rate Heliconian computer. We will write a custom essay sample on Forward the Foundation Chapter 9 or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was then that the first hint of what was to become parachaotic math came to him in a cloudy fashion. Then there were the years at Streeling University, when he and Yugo Amaryl, working together, attempted to renormalize the equations, get rid of the inconvenient infinities, and find a way around the worst of the chaotic effects. They made very little progress, indeed. But now, after ten years as First Minister, he had a whole floor of the latest computers and a whole staff of people working on a large variety of problems. Of necessity, none of his staff-except for Yugo and himself, of course-could really know much more than the immediate problem they were dealing with. Each of them worked with only a small ravine or outcropping on the gigantic mountain range of psychohistory that only Seldon and Amaryl could see as a mountain range-and even they could see it only dimly, its peaks hidden in clouds, its slopes veiled by mist. Dors Venabili was right, of course. He would have to begin initiating his people into the entire mystery. The technique was getting well beyond what only two men could handle. And Seldon was aging. Even if he could look forward to some additional decades, the years of his most fruitful breakthroughs were surely behind him. Even Amaryl would be thirty-nine within a month and, though that was still young, it was perhaps not overly young for a mathematician-and he had been working on the problem almost as long as Seldon himself. His capacity for new and tangential thinking might be dwindling, too. Amaryl had seen him enter and was now approaching. Seldon watched him fondly. Amaryl was as much a Dahlite as Seldon’s foster son, Raych, was, and yet Amaryl, despite his muscular physique and short stature, did not seem Dahlite at all. He lacked the mustache, he lacked the accent, he lacked, it would seem, Dahlite consciousness of any kind. He had even been impervious to the lure of Jo-Jo Joranum, who had appealed so thoroughly to the people of Dahl. It was as though Amaryl recognized no sectoral patriotism, no planetary patriotism, not even Imperial patriotism. He belonged-completely and entirely-to psychohistory. Seldon felt a twinge of insufficiency. He himself remained conscious of his first two decades on Helicon and there was no way he could keep from thinking of himself as a Heliconian. He wondered if that consciousness was not sure to betray him by causing him to skew his thinking about psychohistory. Ideally, to use psychohistory properly, one should be above worlds and sectors and deal only with humanity in the faceless abstract-and this was what Amaryl did. And Seldon didn’t, he admitted to himself, sighing silently. Amaryl said, â€Å"We are making progress, Hari, I suppose.† â€Å"You suppose, Yugo? Merely suppose?† â€Å"I don’t want to jump into outer space without a suit.† He said this quite seriously (he did not have much of a sense of humor, Seldon knew) and they moved into their private office. It was small, but it was also well shielded. Amaryl sat down and crossed his legs. He said, â€Å"Your latest scheme for getting around chaos may be working in part-at the cost of sharpness, of course.† â€Å"Of course. What we gain in the straightaway, we lose in the roundabouts. That’s the way the Universe works. We’ve just got to fool it somehow.† â€Å"We’ve fooled it a little bit. It’s like looking through frosted glass.† â€Å"Better than the years we spent trying to look through lead.† Amaryl muttered something to himself, then said, â€Å"We can catch glimmers of light and dark.† â€Å"Explain!† â€Å"I can’t, but I have the Prime Radiant, which I’ve been working on like a-a-â€Å" â€Å"Try lamec. That’s an animal-a beast of burden-we have on Helicon. It doesn’t exist on Trantor.† â€Å"If the lamec works hard, then that is what my work on the Prime Radiant has been like.† He pressed the security keypad on his desk and a drawer unsealed and slid open noiselessly. He took out a dark opaque cube that Seldon scrutinized with interest. Seldon himself had worked out the Prime Radiant’s circuitry, but Amaryl had put it together-a clever man with his hands was Amaryl. The room darkened and equations and relationships shimmered in the air. Numbers spread out beneath them, hovering just above the desk surface, as if suspended by invisible marionette strings. Seldon said, â€Å"Wonderful. Someday, if we live long enough, we’ll have the Prime Radiant produce a river of mathematical symbolism that will chart past and future history. In it we can find currents and rivulets and work out ways of changing them in order to make them follow other currents and rivulets that we would prefer.† â€Å"Yes,† said Amaryl dryly, â€Å"if we can manage to live with the knowledge that the actions we take, which we will mean for the best, may turn out to be for the worst.† â€Å"Believe me, Yugo, I never go to bed at night without that particular thought gnawing at me. Still, we haven’t come to it yet. All we have is this-which, as you say, is no more than seeing light and dark fuzzily through frosted glass.† â€Å"True enough.† â€Å"And what is it you think you see, Yugo?† Seldon watched Amaryl closely, a little grimly. He was gaining weight, getting just a bit pudgy. He spent too much time bent over the computers (and now over the Prime Radiant)-and not enough in physical activity. And, though he saw a woman now and then, Seldon knew, he had never married. A mistake! Even a workaholic is forced to take time off to satisfy a mate, to take care of the needs of children. Seldon thought of his own still-trim figure and of the manner in which Dors strove to make him keep it that way. You read "Forward the Foundation Chapter 9" in category "Essay examples" Amaryl said, â€Å"What do I see? The Empire is in trouble.† â€Å"The Empire is always in trouble.† â€Å"Yes, but it’s more specific. There’s a possibility that we may have trouble at the center.† â€Å"At Trantor?† â€Å"I presume. Or at the Periphery. Either there will be a bad situation here-perhaps civil war-or the outlying Outer Worlds will begin to break away.† â€Å"Surely it doesn’t take psychohistory to point out these possibilities.† â€Å"The interesting thing is that there seems a mutual exclusivity. One or the other. The likelihood of both together is very small. Here! Look! It’s your own mathematics. Observe!† They bent over the Prime Radiant display for a long time. Seldon said finally, â€Å"I fail to see why the two should be mutually exclusive.† â€Å"So do I, Hari, but where’s the value of psychohistory if it shows us only what we would see anyway? This is showing us something we wouldn’t see. What it doesn’t show us is, first, which alternative is better, and second, what to do to make the better come to pass and depress the possibility of the worse.† Seldon pursed his lips, then said slowly, â€Å"I can tell you which alternative is preferable. Let the Periphery go and keep Trantor.† â€Å"Really?† â€Å"No question. We must keep Trantor stable, if for no other reason than that we’re here.† â€Å"Surely our own comfort isn’t the decisive point.† â€Å"No, but psychohistory is. What good will it do us to keep the Periphery intact if conditions on Trantor force us to stop work on psychohistory? I don’t say that we’ll be killed, but we may be unable to work. The development of psychohistory is on what our fate will depend. As for the Empire, if the Periphery secedes it will only begin a disintegration that may take a long time to reach the core.† â€Å"Even if you’re right, Hari, what do we do to keep Trantor stable?† â€Å"To begin with, we have to think about it.† A silence fell between them and then Seldon said, â€Å"Thinking doesn’t make me happy. What if the Empire is altogether on the wrong track and has been for all its history? I think of that every time I talk to Gruber.† â€Å"Who’s Gruber?† â€Å"Mandell Gruber. A gardener.† â€Å"Oh. The one who came running up with the rake to rescue you at the time of the assassination attempt?† â€Å"Yes. I’ve always been grateful to him for that. He had only a rake against possibly other conspirators with blasters. That’s loyalty. Anyhow, talking to him is like a breath of fresh air. I can’t spend all my time talking to court officials and to psychohistorians.† â€Å"Thank you.† â€Å"Come! You know what I mean. Gruber likes the open. He wants the wind and the rain and the biting cold and everything else that raw weather can bring to him. I miss it myself sometimes.† â€Å"I don’t. I wouldn’t care if I never go out there.† â€Å"You were brought up under the dome-but suppose the Empire consisted of simple unindustrialized worlds, living by herding and farming, with thin populations and empty spaces. Wouldn’t we all be better off?† â€Å"It sounds horrible to me.† â€Å"I found some spare time to check it as best I could. It seems to me it’s a case of unstable equilibrium. A thinly populated world of the type I describe either grows moribund and impoverished, falling off into an uncultured near-animal level-or it industrializes. It is standing on a narrow point and topples over in either direction and, as it just so happens, almost every world in the Galaxy has fallen over into industrialization.† â€Å"Because that’s better.† â€Å"Maybe. But it can’t continue forever. We’re watching the results of the overtoppling now. The Empire cannot exist for much longer because it has-it has overheated. I can’t think of any other expression. What will follow we don’t know. If, through psychohistory, we manage to prevent the Fall or, more likely, force a recovery after the Fall, is that merely to ensure another period of overheating? Is that the only future humanity has, to push the boulder, like Sisyphus, up to the top of a hill, only to see it roll to the bottom again?† â€Å"Who’s Sisyphus?† â€Å"A character in a primitive myth. Yugo, you must do more reading.† Amaryl shrugged. â€Å"So I can learn about Sisyphus? Not important. Perhaps psychohistory will show us a path to an entirely new society, one altogether different from anything we have seen, one that would be stable and desirable.† â€Å"I hope so,† sighed Seldon. â€Å"I hope so, but there’s no sign of it yet. For the near future, we will just have to labor to let the Periphery go. That will mark the beginning of the Fall of the Galactic Empire.† 4 â€Å"And so I said,† said Hari Seldon. † ‘That will mark the beginning of the Fall of the Galactic Empire.’ And so it will, Dors.† Dors listened, tight-lipped. She accepted Seldon’s First Ministership as she accepted everything-calmly. Her only mission was to protect him and his psychohistory, but that task, she well knew, was made harder by his position. The best security was to go unnoticed and, as long as the Spaceship-and-Sun, the symbol of the Empire, shone down upon Seldon, all of the physical barriers in existence would be unsatisfactory. The luxury in which they now lived-the careful shielding from spy beams, as well as from physical interference; the advantages to her own historical research of being able to make use of nearly unlimited funds-did not satisfy her. She would gladly have exchanged it all for their old quarters at Streeling University. Or, better yet, for a nameless apartment in a nameless sector where no one knew them. â€Å"That’s all very well, Hari dear,† she said, â€Å"but it’s not enough.† â€Å"What’s not enough?† â€Å"The information you’re giving me. You say we might lose the Periphery. How? Why?† Seldon smiled briefly. â€Å"How nice it would be to know, Dors, but psychohistory is not yet at the stage where it could tell us.† â€Å"In your opinion, then. Is it the ambition of local faraway governors to declare themselves independent?† â€Å"That’s a factor, certainly. It’s happened in past history-as you know far better than I-but never for long. Maybe this time it will be permanent.† â€Å"Because the Empire is weaker?† â€Å"Yes, because trade flows less freely than it once did, because communications are stiffer than they once were, because the governors in the Periphery are, in actual fact, closer to independence than they have ever been. If one of them arises with particular ambitions-â€Å" â€Å"Can you tell which one it might be?† â€Å"Not in the least. All we can force out of psychohistory at this stage is the definite knowledge that if a governor of unusual ability and ambition arises, he would find conditions more suitable for his purposes than he would have in the past. It could be other things, too-some great natural disaster or some sudden civil war between two distant Outer World coalitions. None of that can be precisely predicted as of now, but we can tell that anything of the sort that happens will have more serious consequences than it would have had a century ago.† â€Å"But if you don’t know a little more precisely what will happen in the Periphery, how can you so guide actions as to make sure the Periphery goes, rather than Trantor?† â€Å"By keeping a close eye on both and trying to stabilize Trantor and not trying to stabilize the Periphery. We can’t expect psychohistory to order events automatically without much greater knowledge of its workings, so we have to make use of constant manual controls, so to speak. In days to come, the technique will be refined and the need for manual control will decrease.† â€Å"But that,† said Dors, â€Å"is in days to come. Right?† â€Å"Right. And even that is only a hope.† â€Å"And just what kind of instabilities threaten Trantor-if we hang on to the Periphery?† â€Å"The same possibilities-economic and social factors, natural disasters, ambitious rivalries among high officials. And something more. I have described the Empire to Yugo as being overheated-and Trantor is the most overheated portion of all. It seems to be breaking down. The infrastructure-water supply, heating, waste disposal, fuel lines, everything-seems to be having unusual problems and that’s something I’ve been turning my attention to more and more lately.† â€Å"What about the death of the Emperor?† Seldon spread his hands. â€Å"That happens inevitably, but Cleon is in good health. He’s only my age, which I wish was younger, but he isn’t too old. His son is totally inadequate for the succession, but there will be enough claimants. More than enough to cause trouble and make his death distressing, but it might not prove a total catastrophe-in the historic sense.† â€Å"Let’s say his assassination, then.† Seldon looked up nervously. â€Å"Don’t say that. Even if we’re shielded, don’t use the word.† â€Å"Hari, don’t be foolish. It’s an eventuality that must be reckoned with. There was a time when the Joranumites might have taken power and, if they had, the Emperor, one way or another-â€Å" â€Å"Probably not. He would have been more useful as a figurehead. And in any case, forget it. Joranum died last year on Nishaya, a rather pathetic figure.† â€Å"He had followers.† â€Å"Of course. Everyone has followers. Did you ever come across the Globalist party on my native world of Helicon in your studies of the early history of the Kingdom of Trantor and of the Galactic Empire?† â€Å"No, I haven’t. I don’t want to hurt your feelings, Hari, but I don’t recall coming across any piece of history in which Helicon played a role.† â€Å"I’m not hurt, Dors. Happy the world without a history, I always say. In any case, about twenty-four hundred years ago, there arose a group of people on Helicon who were quite convinced that Helicon was the only inhabited globe in the Universe. Helicon was the Universe and beyond it there was only a solid sphere of sky speckled with tiny stars.† â€Å"How could they believe that?† said Dors. â€Å"They were part of the Empire, I presume.† â€Å"Yes, but Globalists insisted that all evidence to the effect that the Empire existed was either illusion or deliberate deceit, that Imperial emissaries and officials were Heliconians playing a part for some reason. They were absolutely immune to reason.† â€Å"And what happened?† â€Å"I suppose it’s always pleasant to think that your particular world is the world. At their peak, the Globalists may have persuaded 10 percent of the population of the planet to be part of the movement. Only 10 percent, but they were a vehement minority that drowned out the indifferent majority and threatened to take over.† â€Å"But they didn’t, did they?† â€Å"No, they didn’t. What happened was that Globalism caused a diminishing of Imperial trade and the Heliconian economy slid into the doldrums. When the belief began to affect the pocketbooks of the population, it lost popularity rapidly. The rise and fall puzzled many at the time, but psychohistory, I’m sure, would have shown it to be inevitable and would have made it unnecessary to give it any thought.† â€Å"I see. But, Hari, what is the point of this story? I presume there’s some connection with what we were discussing.† â€Å"The connection is that such movements never completely die, no matter how ridiculous their tenets may seem to sane people. Right now, on Helicon, right now there are still Globalists. Not many, but every once in a while seventy or eighty of them get together in what they call a Global Congress and take enormous pleasure in talking to each other about Globalism. Well, it is only ten years since the Joranumite movement seemed such a terrible threat on this world and it would not be at all surprising if there weren’t still some remnants left. There may still be some remnants a thousand years from now.† â€Å"Isn’t it possible that a remnant may be dangerous?† â€Å"I doubt it. It was Jo-Jo’s charisma that made the movement dangerous-and he’s dead. He didn’t even die a heroic death or one that was in any way remarkable; he just withered away and died in exile, a broken man.† Dors stood up and walked the length of the room quickly, swinging her arms at her sides and clenching her fists. She returned and stood before the seated Seldon. â€Å"Hari,† she said, â€Å"let me speak my mind. If psychohistory points to the possibility of serious disturbances on Trantor, then if there are Joranumites still left, they may still be plotting the Emperor’s death.† Seldon laughed nervously. â€Å"You jump at shadows, Dors. Relax.† But he found that he could not dismiss what she had said quite that easily. 5 The Wye Sector had a tradition of opposition to the Entun Dynasty of Cleon I that had been ruling the Empire for over two centuries. The opposition dated back to a time when the line of Mayors of Wye had contributed members who had served as Emperor. The Wyan Dynasty had neither lasted long nor had it been conspicuously successful, but the people and rulers of Wye found it difficult to forget that they had once been-however imperfectly and temporarily-supreme. The brief period when Rashelle, as the self-appointed Mayor of Wye, had challenged the Empire, eighteen years earlier, had added both to Wye’s pride and to its frustration. All this made it reasonable that the small band of leading conspirators should feel as safe in Wye as they would feel anywhere on Trantor. Five of them sat around a table in a room in a run-down portion of the sector. The room was poorly furnished but well shielded. In a chair which, by its marginal superiority in quality to the others, sat the man who might well be judged to be the leader. He had a thin face, a sallow complexion, and a wide mouth with lips so pale as to be nearly invisible. There was a touch of gray in his hair, but his eyes burned with an inextinguishable anger. He was staring at the man seated exactly opposite him-distinctly older and softer, his hair almost white, his plump cheeks tending to quiver when he spoke. The leader said sharply, â€Å"Well? It is quite apparent that you have done nothing. Explain that!† The older man said, â€Å"I am an old Joranumite, Namarti. Why do I have to explain my actions?† Gambol Deen Namarti, once the right-hand man of Laskin â€Å"Jo-Jo† Joranum, said, â€Å"There are many old Joranumites. Some are incompetent, some are soft, some have forgotten. Being an old Joranumite may mean no more than that one is an old fool.† The older man sat back in his chair. â€Å"Are you calling me an old fool? Me? Kaspal Kaspalov? I was with Jo-Jo when you had not yet joined the party, when you were a ragged nothing in search of a cause.† â€Å"I am not calling you a fool,† said Namarti sharply. â€Å"I say simply that some old Joranumites are fools. You have a chance now to show me that you are not one of them.† â€Å"My association with Jo-Jo-â€Å" â€Å"Forget that. He’s dead!† â€Å"I should think his spirit lives on.† â€Å"If that thought will help us in our fight, then his spirit lives on. But to others-not to us. We know he made mistakes.† â€Å"I deny that.† â€Å"Don’t insist on making a hero out of a mere man who made mistakes. He thought he could move the Empire by the strength of oratory alone, by words-â€Å" â€Å"History shows that words have moved mountains in the past.† â€Å"Not Joranum’s words, obviously, because he made mistakes. He hid his Mycogenian origins far too clumsily. Worse, he let himself be tricked into accusing First Minister Eto Demerzel of being a robot. I warned him against that accusation, but he wouldn’t listen-and it destroyed him. Now let’s start fresh, shall we? Whatever use we make of Joranum’s memory for outsiders, let us not ourselves be transfixed by it.† Kaspalov sat silent. The other three transferred their gaze from Namarti to Kaspalov and back, content to let Namarti carry the weight of the discussion. â€Å"With Joranum’s exile to Nishaya, the Joranumite movement fell apart and seemed to vanish,† said Namarti harshly. â€Å"It would, indeed, have vanished-but for me. Bit by bit and rubble by rubble, I rebuilt it into a network that extends over all of Trantor. You know this, I take it.† â€Å"I know it, Chief,† mumbled Kaspalov. The use of the title made it plain that Kaspalov was seeking reconciliation. Namarti smiled tightly. He did not insist on the title, but he always enjoyed hearing it used. He said, â€Å"You’re part of this network and you have your duties.† Kaspalov stirred. He was clearly debating with himself internally and finally he said slowly, â€Å"You tell me, Chief, that you warned Joranum against accusing the old First Minister of being a robot. You say he didn’t listen, but at least you had your say. May I have the same privilege of pointing out what I think is a mistake and have you listen to me as Joranum listened to you, even if, like him, you don’t take the advice given you?† â€Å"Of course you can speak your piece, Kaspalov. You are here in order that you might do so. What is your point?† â€Å"These new tactics of ours, Chief, are a mistake. They create disruption and do damage.† â€Å"Of course! They are designed to do that.† Namarti stirred in his seat, controlling his anger with an effort. â€Å"Joranum tried persuasion. It didn’t work. We will bring Trantor down by action.† â€Å"For how long? And at what cost?† â€Å"For as long as it takes-and at very little cost, actually. A power stoppage here, a water break there, a sewage backup, an air-conditioning halt. Inconvenience and discomfort-that’s all it means.† Kaspalov shook his head. â€Å"These things are cumulative.† â€Å"Of course, Kaspalov, and we want public dismay and resentment to be cumulative, too. Listen, Kaspalov. The Empire is decaying. Everyone knows that. Everyone capable of intelligent thought knows that. The technology will fail here and there, even if we do nothing. We’re just helping it along a little.† â€Å"It’s dangerous, Chief. Trantor’s infrastructure is incredibly complicated. A careless push may bring it down in ruins. Pull the wrong string and Trantor may topple like a house of cards.† â€Å"It hasn’t so far.† â€Å"It may in the future. And what if the people find out that we are behind it? They would tear us apart. There would be no need to call in the security establishment or the armed forces. Mobs would destroy us.† â€Å"How would they ever learn enough to blame us? The natural target for the people’s resentment will be the government-the Emperor’s advisers. They will never look beyond that.† â€Å"And how do we live with ourselves, knowing what we have done?† This last was asked in a whisper, the old man clearly moved by strong emotion. Kaspalov looked pleadingly across the table at his leader, the man to whom he had sworn allegiance. He had done so in the belief that Namarti would truly continue to bear the standard of freedom passed on by Jo-Jo Joranum; now Kaspalov wondered if this is how Jo-Jo would have wanted his dream to come to pass. Namarti clucked his tongue, much as a reproving parent does when confronting an errant child. â€Å"Kaspalov, you can’t seriously be turning sentimental on us, are you? Once we are in power, we will pick up the pieces and rebuild. We will gather in the people with all of Joranum’s old talk of popular participation in government, with greater representation, and when we are firmly in power we will establish a more efficient and forceful government. We will then have a better Trantor and a stronger Empire. We will set up some sort of discussion system whereby representatives of other worlds can talk themselves into a daze-but we will do the governing.† Kaspalov sat there, irresolute. Namarti smiled joylessly. â€Å"You are not certain? We can’t lose. It’s been working perfectly and it will continue working perfectly. The Emperor doesn’t know what’s going on. He hasn’t the faintest notion. And his First Minister is a mathematician. He ruined Joranum, true, but since then he has done nothing.† â€Å"He has something called-called-â€Å" â€Å"Forget it. Joranum attached a great deal of importance to it, but it was a part of his being Mycogenian, like his robot mania. This mathematician has nothing-â€Å" â€Å"Historical psychoanalysis or something like that. I heard Joranum once say-â€Å" â€Å"Forget it. Just do your part. You handle the ventilation in the Anemoria Sector, don’t you? Very well, then. Have it misfunction in a manner of your choosing. It either shuts down so that the humidity rises or it produces a peculiar odor or something else. None of this will kill anyone, so don’t get yourself into a fever of virtuous guilt. You will simply make people uncomfortable and raise the general level of discomfort and annoyance. Can we depend on you?† â€Å"But what would only be discomfort and annoyance to the young and healthy may be more than that to infants, the aged, and the sick†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Are you going to insist that no one at all must be hurt?† Kaspalov mumbled something. Namarti said, â€Å"It’s impossible to do anything with a guarantee that no one at all will be hurt. You just do your job. Do it in such a way that you hurt as few as possible-if your conscience insists upon it-but do it!† Kaspalov said, â€Å"Look! I have one thing more to say, Chief.† â€Å"Then say it,† said Namarti wearily. â€Å"We can spend years poking at the infrastructure. The time must come when you take advantage of gathering dissatisfaction to seize the government. How do you intend to do that?† â€Å"You want to know exactly how we’ll do it?† â€Å"Yes. The faster we strike, the more limited the damage, the more efficiently the surgery is performed.† Namarti said slowly, â€Å"I have not yet decided on the nature of this ‘surgical strike.’ But it will come. Until then, will you do your part?† Kaspalov nodded his head in resignation. â€Å"Yes, Chief.† â€Å"Well then, go,† said Namarti with a sharp gesture of dismissal. Kaspalov rose, turned, and left. Namarti watched him go. He said to the man at his right, â€Å"Kaspalov is not to be trusted. He has sold out and it’s only so that he can betray us that he wants to know my plans for the future. Take care of him.† The other nodded and all three left, leaving Namarti alone in the room. He switched off the glowing wall panels, leaving only a lonely square in the ceiling to provide the light that would keep him from being entirely in the darkness. He thought: Every chain has weak links that must be eliminated. We have had to do this in the past and the result is that we have an organization that is untouchable. And in the dimness, he smiled, twisting his face into a kind of feral joy. After all, the network extended even into the Palace itself-not quite firmly, not quite reliably, but it was there. And it would be strengthened. How to cite Forward the Foundation Chapter 9, Essay examples

Flutter is the state of turbul... free essay sample

Flutter is the state of turbulent vibrations of a lifting surface in coupled bending and torsional direction which ultimately can lead to catastrophic failures and destruction of the whole airplane structure. When a lifting surface is placed in an unsteady fluid flow, it will experience disturbances over the surface area. These disturbances have a specific frequency at which they vibrate. At low initial speeds, the oscillations are damped by the structural stiffness. Hence, the oscillations does not go violent and are under control. This is a normal state and needs no special attention. As the fluid flow speed increases with respect to the lifting surface, the oscillation frequency increases and the rate of structural damping decreases gradually which results in a high but steady amplitude oscillations of the lifting surface. This state is called the Zero-damping state as the structural damping reduces to zero and this speed of fluid flow is called Critical flutter speed. We will write a custom essay sample on Flutter is the state of turbul or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page At this state, an oscillation can just maintain itself with a steady amplitude. Above the critical flutter speed, a small disturbance in the fluid flow can trigger to initiate an oscillation of great violence. In other words, we can describe the flutter phenomenon is three stages. Stage I is when the speed is less than the critical flutter speed and the structural damping is positive, hence, the oscillations die out after a period of time. Stage II is when the speed is equal to the critical flutter speed and the structural damping is near to 0+ or 0 (zero). At this stage, the oscillations neither grow nor die, the lifting surface oscillates with a steady amplitude. Stage III is when the fluid flow speed becomes more than the critical flutter speed and the structural damping becomes positive, so as to support the oscillations to become more violent. This state is called flutter and its analysis is the main objective of this paper. There is more than one reason for the occurrence of flutter. Flutter phenomenon is also a result of coupling of several degrees of freedom, which is also an essential feature of flutter. The past experiments proves that most of the times the bending deformations across the span are in phase with one another. Similarly, the torsional movements across the span are in phase, but the bending is significantly out of phase from the torsional deformation. This phase difference is responsible for occurrence of the flutter phenomenon. An airplane wing, as a deformable elastic body, has infinitely many degrees of freedom. But we can describe the airplanes elastic deformation in any chordwise section using only two degrees of freedom with sufficient accuracy: the vertical deflection at any reference point and the angle of rotation of a point, i.e., the bending and torsional deformations, respectively.

Richard Ii Essay Questions Example For Students

Richard Ii Essay Questions The Elizabethan World Order was a theological, legal, scientific, and moral plan that provided the ultimate solution to unexplained aspects of the world. It was designed to provide answers to problems that existed regarding human existence. The Elizabethan World Order consists of five major principles, â€Å"The Chain of Being†, the linkage or classes, the middle position of man, man as a social being, and the â€Å"General Notion of Correspondences.†The Great Chain of Being states that order resides in polarities. â€Å"Hot things are in harmony with cold; dry with moist;† and so on. Everything is involved in the order. Go regulated all things. From the lowest earthly creature to the human beings, there is a set chain of order from the superior to the inferior delegated by God. All classes in the Elizabethan world are linked. The lowest creature on the sea floor is linked to the highest creature in the heavens because the surface of the water is in contact with the air. Consequently all classes in human society are linked together. Man lie halfway between angel and beast. They are superior to beasts whereas they were given reason and understanding, but they are inferior to angels because they have not been fully elevated to the level of understanding and control of angels. They are the image of God but still live like animals. Man is insufficient alone. He is a social being who is proned to sin because of his inherited â€Å"fallen† nature. Only beasts or God can exists alone. Humans require social interaction. In the human world there is a hierarchy. In the political and church world there exists a chain of command, so to in the everyday life of humans. God set a hierarchical order to the way things are conducted. John of Gaunt Previously he had upheld the belief that this world order laid down by God gave Richard II the right to do as he pleased and tarnish the throne he inherited. This preliminary belief was evident throughout his conversation with the Duchess of Gloucester in Act 1, Scene 2. The Duchess wanted John to avenge the death of her husband, John responded by saying, â€Å"God’s is the quarrel; for God’s substitute, His deputy anointed in His sight, Hath caused his death, the which if wrongfully Let heaven revenge, for I may never lift An angry arm against His minister† (I, 2, 39-43). When he was gravely ill he met with Richard II and vocalized his disapproval. Duchess of Gloucester does not agree with the order of the time. The court of a corrupt king killed her husband and she wants revenge. It is not socially acceptable to murder the innocent and therefore she did not believe God would delegate the power to do so to a man. She didn’t care about the El izabethan Order. Duke of York belief in the Elizabethan World Order is based on the familial hierarchy. He had never questioned Richard II’s questionable decisions until Richard denied Hereford his rights as surviving heir by taking Gaunt’s possessions to fund the war in Ireland. â€Å"Take Hereford’s rights away, and take from time His charters and his customary rights; Let not tomorrow then ensue today; Be not thyself; for how art thou a king But by fair sequence and succession?† (II, 1, 204-209) The Duke realizes Richard is disturbing the very hierarchy that allowed him to inherit the throne. He is very passionate about the existence of order even though he realizes that Richard has done Hereford wrong he still asks him to put down arms and not rebel against the sovereign king. (II, 3, 156-165) He takes a neutral stance, a stance for the Elizabethan World Order as both sides have broken the order of the world. Bishop of Carlisle has perhaps the stronge st beliefs in the Elizabethan World order. Based in his religious views, the Bishop believes anyone challenging the divine right of a king to be wrong and therefore views Hereford as a traitor. â€Å"What subject can give sentence on his king? And who sits here that is not Richard’s subject?† (IV, 1, 127-128) God dictates who is king and only God is fit to judge the king in the ways of order. The Bishop predicts chaos will ensue after the disruption of order and the country will deteriorate. Till the end Carlisle does not accept the kingship of Henry and is banished for this belief. The Gardener and Man speak up against Bolingbroke’s ascent to the throne. Their perception of order is political in nature. Like their garden a government must keep unruly and ambitious forces in check in order to be fruitful and successful. â€Å"Why should we, in the compass of a pale, Keep law and form and due proportion, When our sea-walled garden, the whole land, Is full of wee ds, her fairest flowers choked up, Her fruit trees all unpruned, her hedges ruined, Her knots disordered, and her wholesome herbs Swarming with caterpillars?† (III, 4, 43-50) In their eyes Bolingbroke is a weed choking Richard, the fair flower. Order must be kept as disorder brings about a chaotic mess, much like an unkept garden. .u397dffa61710dd5015bc97fe5ffda88f , .u397dffa61710dd5015bc97fe5ffda88f .postImageUrl , .u397dffa61710dd5015bc97fe5ffda88f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u397dffa61710dd5015bc97fe5ffda88f , .u397dffa61710dd5015bc97fe5ffda88f:hover , .u397dffa61710dd5015bc97fe5ffda88f:visited , .u397dffa61710dd5015bc97fe5ffda88f:active { border:0!important; } .u397dffa61710dd5015bc97fe5ffda88f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u397dffa61710dd5015bc97fe5ffda88f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u397dffa61710dd5015bc97fe5ffda88f:active , .u397dffa61710dd5015bc97fe5ffda88f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u397dffa61710dd5015bc97fe5ffda88f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u397dffa61710dd5015bc97fe5ffda88f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u397dffa61710dd5015bc97fe5ffda88f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u397dffa61710dd5015bc97fe5ffda88f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u397dffa61710dd5015bc97fe5ffda88f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u397dffa61710dd5015bc97fe5ffda88f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u397dffa61710dd5015bc97fe5ffda88f .u397dffa61710dd5015bc97fe5ffda88f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u397dffa61710dd5015bc97fe5ffda88f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Breast cancer EssayBibliography: